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The
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From \"Structure of the Mammalian Retina\" c.1900 By Ram\u00f3n y Cajal<\/em>. Santiago Ram\u00f3n y Cajal was a Spanish neuroscientist and physiologist. Using microscopy, he visualized neurons and their structures and produced many of the first images of the different kinds of neurons in the mammalian nervous system. He was also an impressive artist, leaving behind a body of drawings that are notable for their beauty as much as their accuracy and detail. Ram\u00f3n y Cajal was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his work in 1906.<\/p>\n"}]},{"elements":[{"x":0,"y":0,"width":100,"height":100,"action":{"library":"H5P.Image 1.1","params":{"contentName":"Image","file":{"path":"images\/file-611c462c1d7e9.jpeg","mime":"image\/jpeg","copyright":{"license":"U"},"width":1277,"height":646},"alt":"crumpled paper background","title":"crumpled paper background"},"subContentId":"2b9c4716-9348-454c-851a-319343cc54d8","metadata":{"contentType":"Image","license":"PD","title":"Photo by icon0.com from Pexels","authors":[{"name":"Photo by icon0.com from Pexels","role":"Author"}],"source":"https:\/\/www.pexels.com\/photo\/white-crumpled-paper-479444\/","licenseExtras":"Used for illustrative purposes. All rights reserved under Pexels license https:\/\/www.pexels.com\/license\/"}},"alwaysDisplayComments":false,"backgroundOpacity":0,"displayAsButton":false,"buttonSize":"big","goToSlideType":"specified","invisible":false,"solution":""},{"x":9.803921568627452,"y":19.354838709677416,"width":81.62878787878788,"height":44.943820224719104,"action":{"library":"H5P.AdvancedText 1.1","params":{"text":"
<\/h2>\n\n
Divisions of the <\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n\n
Nervous System<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n"},"subContentId":"ff194be9-f447-41d9-8a28-e68136a5c9d8","metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"}},"alwaysDisplayComments":false,"backgroundOpacity":0,"displayAsButton":false,"buttonSize":"big","goToSlideType":"specified","invisible":false,"solution":""}],"slideBackgroundSelector":{}},{"elements":[{"x":22.766884531590414,"y":0,"width":76.13636363636363,"height":100,"action":{"library":"H5P.Image 1.1","params":{"contentName":"Image","file":{"path":"images\/file-601c631427d10.jpg","mime":"image\/jpeg","copyright":{"license":"U"},"width":2230,"height":1484},"alt":"First division: CNS vs PNS","title":"First division: CNS vs PNS"},"subContentId":"5d2f5770-67ef-4f52-bf5f-e1a995d83c36","metadata":{"contentType":"Image","license":"PD","title":"Divisions of the NS","authors":[{"name":"Cummings & Sanders","role":"Author"}],"source":"https:\/\/openpress.usask.ca\/app\/uploads\/sites\/60\/2013\/11\/63fcade3d103ee9c41a9347640584cb8.jpg","licenseExtras":"This image was adapted from Cummings & Sanders Introduction to Psychology. Original image can be found here: https:\/\/openpress.usask.ca\/app\/uploads\/sites\/60\/2013\/11\/63fcade3d103ee9c41a9347640584cb8.jpg"}},"alwaysDisplayComments":false,"backgroundOpacity":0,"displayAsButton":false,"buttonSize":"big","goToSlideType":"specified","invisible":false,"solution":""},{"x":43.57298474945534,"y":42.956989247311824,"width":35.947712418300654,"height":51.61290322580645,"action":{"library":"H5P.Shape 1.0","params":{"shape":{"fillColor":"#fff","borderWidth":"0","borderStyle":"solid","borderColor":"#000","borderRadius":"0"},"type":"rectangle","line":{"borderColor":"#000000","borderWidth":"1","borderStyle":"solid"}},"subContentId":"dae19cdb-9b52-4cc9-ac51-e74872cc259b","metadata":{"contentType":"Shapes","license":"U"}},"backgroundOpacity":0,"displayAsButton":false,"buttonSize":"big","goToSlideType":"specified","invisible":false},{"x":34.85838779956427,"y":82.79569892473117,"width":34.85838779956427,"height":12.903225806451612,"action":{"library":"H5P.Shape 1.0","params":{"shape":{"fillColor":"#fff","borderWidth":"0","borderStyle":"solid","borderColor":"#000","borderRadius":"0"},"type":"rectangle","line":{"borderColor":"#000000","borderWidth":"1","borderStyle":"solid"}},"metadata":{"contentType":"Shapes","license":"U"},"subContentId":"1157dab7-f572-4ec5-8d0a-c9a181e90bf2"},"backgroundOpacity":0,"displayAsButton":false,"buttonSize":"big","goToSlideType":"specified","invisible":false},{"x":39.760348583878,"y":53.76344086021505,"width":35.947712418300654,"height":34.40860215053763,"action":{"library":"H5P.Shape 1.0","params":{"shape":{"fillColor":"#fff","borderWidth":"0","borderStyle":"solid","borderColor":"#000","borderRadius":"0"},"type":"rectangle","line":{"borderColor":"#000000","borderWidth":"1","borderStyle":"solid"}},"metadata":{"contentType":"Shapes","license":"U"},"subContentId":"c7101e54-0cf7-491e-9cc3-92ec141a2b8c"},"backgroundOpacity":0,"displayAsButton":false,"buttonSize":"big","goToSlideType":"specified","invisible":false},{"x":2.178649237472767,"y":12.883053763440861,"width":18.51851851851852,"height":58.064516129032256,"action":{"library":"H5P.AdvancedText 1.1","params":{"text":"
The first division is between the central<\/strong><\/span> and peripheral<\/strong><\/span> nervous system.<\/span><\/p>\n"},"subContentId":"838cc332-1dd8-47f5-bd72-5d7ad9b51f48","metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"}},"alwaysDisplayComments":false,"backgroundOpacity":0,"displayAsButton":false,"buttonSize":"big","goToSlideType":"specified","invisible":false,"solution":""},{"x":64.27015250544663,"y":23.65591397849462,"width":40,"height":40,"action":{"library":"H5P.AdvancedText 1.1","params":{"text":"
If you had to guess, what do you think the central and peripheral nervous systems were responsible for? If you thought, \"well, central and peripheral processing?\" you wouldn't be far off. The central nervous system (CNS) is the central command - the brain and spinal cord. This is where decisions are made and actions are planned based on incoming information. <\/p>\n\n
The peripheral nervous system (PNS) is the 'minion' of the CNS. The CNS sends commands out to the peripher for execution, and the PNS is reporting back all of the information it is collecting to help inform 'central command'.<\/p>\n"},"subContentId":"9431f5e7-4159-4d67-bd40-ab75ca960345","metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"}},"alwaysDisplayComments":false,"backgroundOpacity":0,"displayAsButton":true,"buttonSize":"big","goToSlideType":"specified","invisible":false,"solution":""}],"slideBackgroundSelector":{}},{"elements":[{"x":22.984749455337692,"y":0,"width":76.13636363636363,"height":100,"action":{"library":"H5P.Image 1.1","params":{"contentName":"Image","file":{"path":"images\/file-601c631427d10.jpg","mime":"image\/jpeg","copyright":{"license":"U"},"width":2230,"height":1484},"alt":"First division: CNS vs PNS","title":"First division: CNS vs PNS"},"metadata":{"contentType":"Image","license":"CC BY-NC-ND","title":"Divisions of the NS","authors":[{"name":"Cummings & Sanders","role":"Author"}],"source":"https:\/\/openpress.usask.ca\/app\/uploads\/sites\/60\/2013\/11\/63fcade3d103ee9c41a9347640584cb8.jpg","licenseExtras":"This image was adapted from Cummings & Sanders Introduction to Psychology. Original image can be found here: https:\/\/openpress.usask.ca\/app\/uploads\/sites\/60\/2013\/11\/63fcade3d103ee9c41a9347640584cb8.jpg","licenseVersion":"4.0"},"subContentId":"94c6154f-9188-43fa-bd93-d22b8f65683a"},"alwaysDisplayComments":false,"backgroundOpacity":0,"displayAsButton":false,"buttonSize":"big","goToSlideType":"specified","invisible":false,"solution":""},{"x":41.394335511982575,"y":69.46236559139784,"width":35.947712418300654,"height":21.0752688172043,"action":{"library":"H5P.Shape 1.0","params":{"shape":{"fillColor":"#fff","borderWidth":"0","borderStyle":"solid","borderColor":"#000","borderRadius":"0"},"type":"rectangle","line":{"borderColor":"#000000","borderWidth":"1","borderStyle":"solid"}},"subContentId":"dae19cdb-9b52-4cc9-ac51-e74872cc259b","metadata":{"contentType":"Shapes","license":"U"}},"backgroundOpacity":0,"displayAsButton":false,"buttonSize":"big","goToSlideType":"specified","invisible":false},{"x":34.85838779956427,"y":82.79569892473117,"width":34.85838779956427,"height":12.903225806451612,"action":{"library":"H5P.Shape 1.0","params":{"shape":{"fillColor":"#fff","borderWidth":"0","borderStyle":"solid","borderColor":"#000","borderRadius":"0"},"type":"rectangle","line":{"borderColor":"#000000","borderWidth":"1","borderStyle":"solid"}},"metadata":{"contentType":"Shapes","license":"U"},"subContentId":"1157dab7-f572-4ec5-8d0a-c9a181e90bf2"},"backgroundOpacity":0,"displayAsButton":false,"buttonSize":"big","goToSlideType":"specified","invisible":false},{"x":79.520697167756,"y":4.287634408602151,"width":17.429193899782135,"height":79.56989247311827,"action":{"library":"H5P.Shape 1.0","params":{"shape":{"fillColor":"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.71)","borderWidth":"0","borderStyle":"solid","borderColor":"#000","borderRadius":"0"},"type":"rectangle","line":{"borderColor":"#000000","borderWidth":"1","borderStyle":"solid"}},"metadata":{"contentType":"Shapes","license":"U"},"subContentId":"c7101e54-0cf7-491e-9cc3-92ec141a2b8c"},"backgroundOpacity":0,"displayAsButton":false,"buttonSize":"big","goToSlideType":"specified","invisible":false},{"x":2.178649237472767,"y":12.872989247311828,"width":19.607843137254903,"height":77.41935483870967,"action":{"library":"H5P.AdvancedText 1.1","params":{"text":"
Let's ignore the CNS for a bit...<\/span><\/p>\n\n
The PNS<\/strong> can be further divided between the autonomic<\/strong><\/span> and somatic<\/strong><\/span> nervous systems.<\/span><\/p>\n"},"subContentId":"838cc332-1dd8-47f5-bd72-5d7ad9b51f48","metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"}},"alwaysDisplayComments":false,"backgroundOpacity":0,"displayAsButton":false,"buttonSize":"big","goToSlideType":"specified","invisible":false,"solution":""},{"x":66.44705882352942,"y":19.301075268817204,"width":13.071895424836601,"height":23.65591397849462,"action":{"library":"H5P.Shape 1.0","params":{"shape":{"fillColor":"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.71)","borderWidth":"0","borderStyle":"solid","borderColor":"#000","borderRadius":"0"},"type":"rectangle","line":{"borderColor":"#000000","borderWidth":"1","borderStyle":"solid"}},"metadata":{"contentType":"Shapes","license":"U"},"subContentId":"11e9209b-8acc-4ced-bb96-1f56cd292930"},"backgroundOpacity":0,"displayAsButton":false,"buttonSize":"big","goToSlideType":"specified","invisible":false},{"x":57.734204793028326,"y":43.01075268817204,"width":40,"height":40,"action":{"library":"H5P.AdvancedText 1.1","params":{"text":"
So what do you think is in the PNS? What is 'peripheral' to the brain and spinal cord? Well, your guts and your body, all held in by your skin. And that about breaks down the differences between the autonomic and somatic nervous systems. Both in the periphery, one controls the internal<\/em> activity of the organs and glands, and the other controls the external<\/em> activity of the skin and muscles. Can you guess which is which? HINT: 'Somatic' has the latin root word for body, 'soma'. <\/p>\n"},"subContentId":"d28e78ad-2f34-47fd-9a47-de841ca7a62a","metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"}},"alwaysDisplayComments":false,"backgroundOpacity":0,"displayAsButton":true,"buttonSize":"big","goToSlideType":"specified","invisible":false,"solution":""}],"slideBackgroundSelector":{}},{"elements":[{"x":23.255813953488374,"y":0,"width":76.13636363636363,"height":100,"action":{"library":"H5P.Image 1.1","params":{"contentName":"Image","file":{"path":"images\/file-601c631427d10.jpg","mime":"image\/jpeg","copyright":{"license":"U"},"width":2230,"height":1484},"alt":"First division: CNS vs PNS","title":"First division: CNS vs PNS"},"metadata":{"contentType":"Image","license":"CC BY-NC-ND","title":"Divisions of the NS","authors":[{"name":"Cummings & Sanders","role":"Author"}],"source":"https:\/\/openpress.usask.ca\/app\/uploads\/sites\/60\/2013\/11\/63fcade3d103ee9c41a9347640584cb8.jpg","licenseExtras":"This image was adapted from Cummings & Sanders Introduction to Psychology. Original image can be found here: https:\/\/openpress.usask.ca\/app\/uploads\/sites\/60\/2013\/11\/63fcade3d103ee9c41a9347640584cb8.jpg","licenseVersion":"4.0"},"subContentId":"9b8c678c-8055-480a-a7b5-4ce00d743a40"},"alwaysDisplayComments":false,"backgroundOpacity":0,"displayAsButton":false,"buttonSize":"big","goToSlideType":"specified","invisible":false,"solution":""},{"x":79.520697167756,"y":4.287634408602151,"width":17.429193899782135,"height":79.56989247311827,"action":{"library":"H5P.Shape 1.0","params":{"shape":{"fillColor":"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.71)","borderWidth":"0","borderStyle":"solid","borderColor":"#000","borderRadius":"0"},"type":"rectangle","line":{"borderColor":"#000000","borderWidth":"1","borderStyle":"solid"}},"metadata":{"contentType":"Shapes","license":"U"},"subContentId":"c7101e54-0cf7-491e-9cc3-92ec141a2b8c"},"backgroundOpacity":0,"displayAsButton":false,"buttonSize":"big","goToSlideType":"specified","invisible":false},{"x":2.178649237472767,"y":36.53569892473118,"width":20.697167755991288,"height":58.064516129032256,"action":{"library":"H5P.AdvancedText 1.1","params":{"text":"
The sympathetic<\/strong><\/span> divisions of the autonomic nervous system<\/strong> prepares for a fight-or-flight response, while the parasympathetic<\/strong><\/span> division works to restore calm.<\/span><\/p>\n"},"subContentId":"838cc332-1dd8-47f5-bd72-5d7ad9b51f48","metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"}},"alwaysDisplayComments":false,"backgroundOpacity":0,"displayAsButton":false,"buttonSize":"big","goToSlideType":"specified","invisible":false,"solution":""},{"x":66.44705882352942,"y":19.301075268817204,"width":13.071895424836601,"height":23.65591397849462,"action":{"library":"H5P.Shape 1.0","params":{"shape":{"fillColor":"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.71)","borderWidth":"0","borderStyle":"solid","borderColor":"#000","borderRadius":"0"},"type":"rectangle","line":{"borderColor":"#000000","borderWidth":"1","borderStyle":"solid"}},"metadata":{"contentType":"Shapes","license":"U"},"subContentId":"11e9209b-8acc-4ced-bb96-1f56cd292930"},"backgroundOpacity":0,"displayAsButton":false,"buttonSize":"big","goToSlideType":"specified","invisible":false},{"x":46.84095860566449,"y":75.26881720430107,"width":40,"height":40,"action":{"library":"H5P.AdvancedText 1.1","params":{"text":"
Is there a way for you to connect 'sympathy' with stress or the fight-or-flight response? Think about creating mnemonics that are accessible and easy to remember in order to get through these less exciting (but very important!) components of the course. <\/p>\n"},"subContentId":"d28e78ad-2f34-47fd-9a47-de841ca7a62a","metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"}},"alwaysDisplayComments":false,"backgroundOpacity":0,"displayAsButton":true,"buttonSize":"big","goToSlideType":"specified","invisible":false,"solution":""}],"slideBackgroundSelector":{}},{"elements":[{"x":0,"y":0,"width":100,"height":100,"action":{"library":"H5P.Video 1.5","params":{"visuals":{"fit":true,"controls":true},"playback":{"autoplay":false,"loop":false},"l10n":{"name":"Video","loading":"Video player loading...","noPlayers":"Found no video players that supports the given video format.","noSources":"Video is missing sources.","aborted":"Media playback has been aborted.","networkFailure":"Network failure.","cannotDecode":"Unable to decode media.","formatNotSupported":"Video format not supported.","mediaEncrypted":"Media encrypted.","unknownError":"Unknown error.","invalidYtId":"Invalid YouTube ID.","unknownYtId":"Unable to find video with the given YouTube ID.","restrictedYt":"The owner of this video does not allow it to be embedded."},"sources":[{"path":"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=jEHwB1PG_-Q&feature=emb_title","mime":"video\/YouTube","copyright":{"license":"U"}}]},"subContentId":"0e2eb8bb-a917-41df-b002-499425e8b7df","metadata":{"contentType":"Video","license":"U","title":"Untitled Video"}},"alwaysDisplayComments":false,"backgroundOpacity":0,"displayAsButton":false,"buttonSize":"big","goToSlideType":"specified","invisible":false,"solution":""},{"x":92.5925925925926,"y":83.87096774193547,"width":40,"height":40,"action":{"library":"H5P.MultiChoice 1.14","params":{"media":{"disableImageZooming":false},"answers":[{"correct":true,"tipsAndFeedback":{"tip":"","chosenFeedback":"","notChosenFeedback":""},"text":"
Sympathetic<\/div>\n"},{"correct":false,"tipsAndFeedback":{"tip":"","chosenFeedback":"","notChosenFeedback":""},"text":"
Somatic<\/div>\n"},{"correct":false,"tipsAndFeedback":{"tip":"","chosenFeedback":"","notChosenFeedback":""},"text":"
Central<\/div>\n"}],"overallFeedback":[{"from":0,"to":100}],"behaviour":{"enableRetry":true,"enableSolutionsButton":true,"enableCheckButton":true,"type":"auto","singlePoint":false,"randomAnswers":true,"showSolutionsRequiresInput":true,"confirmCheckDialog":false,"confirmRetryDialog":false,"autoCheck":false,"passPercentage":100,"showScorePoints":true},"UI":{"checkAnswerButton":"Check","showSolutionButton":"Show solution","tryAgainButton":"Retry","tipsLabel":"Show tip","scoreBarLabel":"You got :num out of :total points","tipAvailable":"Tip available","feedbackAvailable":"Feedback available","readFeedback":"Read feedback","wrongAnswer":"Wrong answer","correctAnswer":"Correct answer","shouldCheck":"Should have been checked","shouldNotCheck":"Should not have been checked","noInput":"Please answer before viewing the solution","a11yCheck":"Check the answers. The responses will be marked as correct, incorrect, or unanswered.","a11yShowSolution":"Show the solution. The task will be marked with its correct solution.","a11yRetry":"Retry the task. Reset all responses and start the task over again."},"confirmCheck":{"header":"Finish ?","body":"Are you sure you wish to finish ?","cancelLabel":"Cancel","confirmLabel":"Finish"},"confirmRetry":{"header":"Retry ?","body":"Are you sure you wish to retry ?","cancelLabel":"Cancel","confirmLabel":"Confirm"},"question":"
Which division of the nervous system triggers the fight-or-flight response?<\/p>\n"},"subContentId":"9f50b0f8-6f48-4b18-9e8a-17842f2213ad","metadata":{"contentType":"Multiple Choice","license":"U","title":"Nervous System"}},"alwaysDisplayComments":false,"backgroundOpacity":0,"displayAsButton":true,"buttonSize":"big","goToSlideType":"specified","invisible":false,"solution":""}],"slideBackgroundSelector":{}},{"elements":[{"x":51.13636363636363,"y":7.490636704119851,"width":44.128787878787875,"height":88.76404494382022,"action":{"library":"H5P.Image 1.1","params":{"contentName":"Image","file":{"path":"images\/file-601c7088a4337.jpg","mime":"image\/jpeg","copyright":{"license":"U"},"width":1609,"height":1631},"alt":"The endocrine system illustration","title":"The endocrine system illustration"},"subContentId":"5a90ed08-b1a2-4821-82d2-35a5fb77d875","metadata":{"contentType":"Image","license":"CC BY-NC-ND","title":"The Male Endocrine system","authors":[{"name":"Cummings & Sanders","role":"Author"}],"source":"https:\/\/openpress.usask.ca\/app\/uploads\/sites\/60\/2013\/11\/68db635fb346f9667c1696de65307587.jpg","licenseExtras":"This image was adapted from Cummings & Sanders Introduction to Psychology. Original image can be found here: https:\/\/openpress.usask.ca\/app\/uploads\/sites\/60\/2013\/11\/68db635fb346f9667c1696de65307587.jpg","licenseVersion":"4.0"}},"alwaysDisplayComments":false,"backgroundOpacity":0,"displayAsButton":false,"buttonSize":"big","goToSlideType":"specified","invisible":false,"solution":""},{"x":1.8939393939393938,"y":7.490636704119851,"width":45.45454545454545,"height":74.90636704119851,"action":{"library":"H5P.AdvancedText 1.1","params":{"text":"
<\/h2>\n\n
The <\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n\n
Endocrine <\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n\n
System<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n"},"subContentId":"3277413e-6a51-4d3c-b582-ca7a313d4e0f","metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"}},"alwaysDisplayComments":false,"backgroundOpacity":0,"displayAsButton":false,"buttonSize":"big","goToSlideType":"specified","invisible":false,"solution":""},{"x":1.8939393939393938,"y":71.16104868913858,"width":43.560606060606055,"height":22.471910112359552,"action":{"library":"H5P.AdvancedText 1.1","params":{"text":"
A primary function of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems is to interact with the endocrine system<\/strong> to elicit chemicals that provide another system for influencing our feelings and behaviours<\/em>.<\/p>\n"},"subContentId":"2b195673-00ec-4ed6-a6e5-8cbc234ef3d2","metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"}},"alwaysDisplayComments":false,"backgroundOpacity":0,"displayAsButton":false,"buttonSize":"big","goToSlideType":"specified","invisible":false,"solution":""}],"slideBackgroundSelector":{}},{"elements":[{"x":0,"y":0,"width":100,"height":100,"action":{"library":"H5P.Video 1.5","params":{"visuals":{"fit":true,"controls":true},"playback":{"autoplay":false,"loop":false},"l10n":{"name":"Video","loading":"Video player loading...","noPlayers":"Found no video players that supports the given video format.","noSources":"Video is missing sources.","aborted":"Media playback has been aborted.","networkFailure":"Network failure.","cannotDecode":"Unable to decode media.","formatNotSupported":"Video format not supported.","mediaEncrypted":"Media encrypted.","unknownError":"Unknown error.","invalidYtId":"Invalid YouTube ID.","unknownYtId":"Unable to find video with the given YouTube ID.","restrictedYt":"The owner of this video does not allow it to be embedded."},"sources":[{"path":"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=-SPRPkLoKp8","mime":"video\/YouTube","copyright":{"license":"U"}}]},"subContentId":"8852db15-422c-4cfc-b010-56dde22c9296","metadata":{"contentType":"Video","license":"U","title":"Untitled Video"}},"alwaysDisplayComments":false,"backgroundOpacity":0,"displayAsButton":false,"buttonSize":"big","goToSlideType":"specified","invisible":false,"solution":""},{"x":91.50326797385621,"y":81.72043010752688,"width":40,"height":40,"action":{"library":"H5P.AdvancedText 1.1","params":{"text":"
Neurotransmitters almost fit the definition of hormones, except that they exclusively act on post-synaptic neurons in the central nervous system. However, both neurotransmitters and hormones are chemical messengers that influence mood and behaviors. <\/p>\n"},"subContentId":"25bc930d-0bd1-491f-9d8e-8c9efea74386","metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"}},"alwaysDisplayComments":false,"backgroundOpacity":0,"displayAsButton":true,"buttonSize":"big","goToSlideType":"specified","invisible":false,"solution":""}],"slideBackgroundSelector":{}},{"elements":[{"x":3.7878787878787876,"y":18.726591760299627,"width":92.8030303030303,"height":74.90636704119851,"action":{"library":"H5P.Summary 1.10","params":{"intro":"
Choose the most accurate statement<\/em><\/p>\n","summaries":[{"subContentId":"638c3860-e2f5-49be-a178-45751d7f0e9e","summary":["
The endocrine system uses chemical messagers called hormones that influence everything from basic drives (like hunger and thirst), to complex physiological processes (like sexual development) and complex psychological processes (like emotion and mood). <\/p>\n","
The endocrine system includes all of the glands in our body, and plays largely a physiological role in the body helping to regulate homeostasis without directly impacting our thoughts and behaviors.<\/p>\n","
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In an action potential the ions that move are all positive ions - sodium and potassium.<\/p>\n\n
But the potential is relative. The potential outside of the cell is more negative compared to the potential inside of the cell.<\/em><\/p>\n\n
Here is an anology: Your friend Kabir (outside of the cell) has $2.65 in change (positive ions). He decides to give you (inside of the cell) $1.95 (positive ions flowing into the cell). Even though Kabir still has money (some positive ions), Kabir is -$0.70 compared to you. <\/p>\n"},"subContentId":"5c46d271-dd6a-46b1-8e74-ccda676531de","metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"}},"pause":true,"displayType":"button","buttonOnMobile":false,"visuals":{"backgroundColor":"rgb(255, 255, 255)","boxShadow":true},"goto":{"url":{"protocol":"http:\/\/"},"visualize":false,"type":""},"label":"
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Because of unequal concentrations, when a potassium channel opens potassium will flow [inside\/outside] outside of the cell, making the inside of the cell more [positive\/negative] negative.<\/p>\n"],"confirmCheck":{"header":"Finish ?","body":"Are you sure you wish to finish ?","cancelLabel":"Cancel","confirmLabel":"Finish"},"confirmRetry":{"header":"Retry ?","body":"Are you sure you wish to retry ?","cancelLabel":"Cancel","confirmLabel":"Confirm"},"media":{"disableImageZooming":false},"a11yCheck":"Check the answers. The responses will be marked as correct, incorrect, or unanswered.","a11yShowSolution":"Show the solution. The task will be marked with its correct solution.","a11yRetry":"Retry the task. Reset all responses and start the task over again.","a11yCheckingModeHeader":"Checking mode"},"subContentId":"475133c3-2075-4938-a9ea-9b256db3c58a","metadata":{"contentType":"Fill in the Blanks","license":"U","title":"Potassium"}},"pause":true,"displayType":"poster","buttonOnMobile":false,"adaptivity":{"correct":{"allowOptOut":false,"message":""},"wrong":{"allowOptOut":false,"message":""},"requireCompletion":false},"label":""},{"x":61.433447098976,"y":6.0606060606061,"width":13.125,"height":15,"duration":{"from":103,"to":105},"libraryTitle":"Text","action":{"library":"H5P.Text 1.1","params":{"text":"
Voltage-gated <\/strong>means that the gate for the channel is opened and closed by detecting changes in nearby membrane potential. It is literally the fact that the membrane next door become really positive all of the sudden that triggered this potassium channel to open it's gates.<\/p>\n"},"subContentId":"f49db9e3-f524-4d1c-8e01-6f2fa2880a21","metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"}},"pause":true,"displayType":"button","buttonOnMobile":false,"visuals":{"backgroundColor":"rgb(255, 255, 255)","boxShadow":true},"goto":{"url":{"protocol":"http:\/\/"},"visualize":false,"type":""},"label":"
What does Voltage-gated mean?<\/p>\n"},{"x":47.610921501706,"y":45.757575757576,"width":10,"height":10,"duration":{"from":201,"to":202},"libraryTitle":"Text","action":{"library":"H5P.Text 1.1","params":{"text":"
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The threshold potential is like the trigger. Once 'pulled', the neuron fires. Once an action potential is triggered, it is on<\/em>! <\/p>\n\n
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At rest there is more sodium concentrated outside of the cell compared to inside of the cell.<\/p>\n","
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The signal that travels down the axon is electical, while the signal that travels across the synpatic cleft is chemical.<\/p>\n","
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The neuron that is sending the message and releasing the neurotransmitter.<\/p>\n","answer":"
Presynaptic neuron.<\/p>\n"},{"tips":{},"text":"
The neuron that is receiving the message with receptor sites to bind the neurotransmitter being released.<\/p>\n","answer":"
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Fill in the missing words<\/em><\/p>\n","overallFeedback":[{"from":0,"to":100}],"showSolutions":"Show solution","tryAgain":"Retry","checkAnswer":"Check","notFilledOut":"Please fill in all blanks to view solution","answerIsCorrect":"':ans' is correct","answerIsWrong":"':ans' is wrong","answeredCorrectly":"Answered correctly","answeredIncorrectly":"Answered incorrectly","solutionLabel":"Correct answer:","inputLabel":"Blank input @num of @total","inputHasTipLabel":"Tip available","tipLabel":"Tip","behaviour":{"enableRetry":true,"enableSolutionsButton":true,"enableCheckButton":true,"autoCheck":false,"caseSensitive":true,"showSolutionsRequiresInput":true,"separateLines":false,"confirmCheckDialog":false,"confirmRetryDialog":false,"acceptSpellingErrors":false},"scoreBarLabel":"You got :num out of :total points","confirmCheck":{"header":"Finish ?","body":"Are you sure you wish to finish ?","cancelLabel":"Cancel","confirmLabel":"Finish"},"confirmRetry":{"header":"Retry ?","body":"Are you sure you wish to retry ?","cancelLabel":"Cancel","confirmLabel":"Confirm"},"questions":["
Neurotransmitters can be either excitatory or inhibitory. Excitatory neurotransmitters increase the local membrane potential of the posynaptic neuron, making the postsynaptic neuron more likely to fire. Inhibitory neurontransmitters decrease the local membrane potential on the postsynaptic neuron, making the postsynaptic neuron less likely to fire.<\/p>\n"],"a11yCheck":"Check the answers. The responses will be marked as correct, incorrect, or unanswered.","a11yShowSolution":"Show the solution. The task will be marked with its correct solution.","a11yRetry":"Retry the task. Reset all responses and start the task over again.","a11yCheckingModeHeader":"Checking mode"},"subContentId":"db084b24-58d4-4d87-9484-aeb80099fd52","metadata":{"contentType":"Fill in the Blanks","license":"U","title":"Neurotranmitters"}},"alwaysDisplayComments":false,"backgroundOpacity":0,"displayAsButton":false,"buttonSize":"big","goToSlideType":"specified","invisible":false,"solution":""},{"x":3.2679738562091503,"y":4.301075268817204,"width":92.5925925925926,"height":12.903225806451612,"action":{"library":"H5P.AdvancedText 1.1","params":{"text":"
The Effects of Neurotransmitters<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n"},"subContentId":"67dbd3f0-25f9-43b4-852f-26fdbd9f35d8","metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"}},"alwaysDisplayComments":false,"backgroundOpacity":0,"displayAsButton":false,"buttonSize":"big","goToSlideType":"specified","invisible":false,"solution":""}],"slideBackgroundSelector":{}},{"elements":[{"x":7.625272331154684,"y":15.053763440860214,"width":83.66013071895425,"height":50.75268817204301,"action":{"library":"H5P.Image 1.1","params":{"contentName":"Image","file":{"path":"images\/file-601c5489c1e21.png","mime":"image\/png","copyright":{"license":"U"},"width":2096,"height":644},"alt":"Table of neurotransmitters and their function"},"subContentId":"6f17e079-cb64-41cd-a0d8-3c8b02597318","metadata":{"contentType":"Image","license":"U","title":"Untitled Image"}},"alwaysDisplayComments":false,"backgroundOpacity":0,"displayAsButton":false,"buttonSize":"big","goToSlideType":"specified","invisible":false,"solution":""},{"x":3.2679738562091503,"y":4.301075268817203,"width":92.5925925925926,"height":12.903225806451612,"action":{"library":"H5P.AdvancedText 1.1","params":{"text":"
Important Neurotransmitters<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n"},"metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"},"subContentId":"67047ff9-7046-4862-9634-d1333081ba1a"},"alwaysDisplayComments":false,"backgroundOpacity":0,"displayAsButton":false,"buttonSize":"big","goToSlideType":"specified","invisible":false,"solution":""},{"x":3.2679738562091503,"y":70.96774193548387,"width":93.68191721132898,"height":22.36559139784946,"action":{"library":"H5P.AdvancedText 1.1","params":{"text":"
You may want to investigate neurotransmitters yourself to understand more about their impact on your behavior. For example, seretonin has been implicated in the experience of both anxiety and depression, and is one of the neurotransmitter affected by the party drug MDMA. Glutamate is the major excitatiory neurotransmitter in the brain. The function of this neurontransmitter is interrupted by alcohol, which is why people may not recall a heavy night of drinking the next morning.<\/span><\/p>\n"},"subContentId":"9ffa39fc-fe10-41a5-968b-d490b983c2be","metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"}},"alwaysDisplayComments":false,"backgroundOpacity":0,"displayAsButton":false,"buttonSize":"big","goToSlideType":"specified","invisible":false,"solution":""}],"slideBackgroundSelector":{}},{"elements":[{"x":9.803921568627452,"y":30.10752688172043,"width":20.250088594137598,"height":40,"action":{"library":"H5P.Image 1.1","params":{"contentName":"Image","file":{"path":"images\/file-611c6fc7c2ee2.png","mime":"image\/png","copyright":{"license":"U"},"width":512,"height":512},"alt":"hashtag icon","title":"hashtag icon"},"subContentId":"c667d0d8-dccd-4f89-9deb-189a3051457f","metadata":{"contentType":"Image","license":"CC BY-NC-ND","title":"hashtag","authors":[{"name":"Icons made by Roundicons from Flaticon.com","role":"Author"}],"licenseVersion":"4.0","source":"https:\/\/www.flaticon.com\/free-icon\/hashtag_270802?term=hashtag&page=1&position=1"}},"alwaysDisplayComments":false,"backgroundOpacity":0,"displayAsButton":false,"buttonSize":"big","goToSlideType":"specified","invisible":false,"solution":""},{"x":33.769063180827885,"y":19.354838709677416,"width":54.248366013071895,"height":23.65591397849462,"action":{"library":"H5P.Image 1.1","params":{"contentName":"Image","file":{"path":"images\/file-611c70558cce9.png","mime":"image\/png","copyright":{"license":"U"},"width":1532,"height":340},"alt":"Deep Thoughts Title","title":"Deep Thoughts Title"},"subContentId":"693d68ca-f793-4421-9833-f33f67f78b86","metadata":{"contentType":"Image","license":"PD","title":"Deep thoughts title","authors":[{"name":"Kristie Dukewich","role":"Author"}]}},"alwaysDisplayComments":false,"backgroundOpacity":0,"displayAsButton":false,"buttonSize":"big","goToSlideType":"specified","invisible":false,"solution":""},{"x":34.85838779956427,"y":40.76602150537635,"width":54.46623093681917,"height":43.01075268817204,"action":{"library":"H5P.AdvancedText 1.1","params":{"text":"
Anthropomorphization <\/strong>refers to giving human characteristics to non-humans. This can be an excellent tool for developing idiosyncratic nmenomics! Review the list of neurotransmitters and their functions on the previous slide and try to anthropomorphize neurotransmitters by creating personalities for them<\/strong>. Share your 'characters' posting to the microblogging tools WEnotes, Mastodon, or Twitter using the hastag #AnthropomorphicNeurotransmitters<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n"},"subContentId":"dec209ea-5397-4480-b68b-fffe736c4491","metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"}},"alwaysDisplayComments":false,"backgroundOpacity":0,"displayAsButton":false,"buttonSize":"big","goToSlideType":"specified","invisible":false,"solution":""},{"x":55.55555555555556,"y":90.21505376344085,"width":43.57298474945534,"height":8.602150537634408,"action":{"library":"H5P.AdvancedText 1.1","params":{"text":"
Note: You must be logged in to post to WEnotes. Your comment will be displayed in the course feed<\/a>. <\/em><\/span><\/p>\n"},"subContentId":"b4285a83-caa3-451b-a397-2cf91c3812e9","metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"}},"alwaysDisplayComments":false,"backgroundOpacity":0,"displayAsButton":false,"buttonSize":"big","goToSlideType":"specified","invisible":false,"solution":""}],"slideBackgroundSelector":{}},{"elements":[{"x":0,"y":0,"width":100,"height":100,"action":{"library":"H5P.Image 1.1","params":{"contentName":"Image","file":{"path":"images\/file-601c583e55df3.jpg","mime":"image\/jpeg","copyright":{"license":"U"},"width":961,"height":498,"originalImage":{"path":"images\/file-601c580a65261.jpg#tmp","mime":"image\/jpeg","height":2084,"width":3126}},"alt":"Background of an array of pills","title":"Background of an array of pills"},"subContentId":"a94a892d-1d28-44f3-9078-2e5d4fc22ba3","metadata":{"contentType":"Image","license":"PD","title":"Photo by freestocks.org from Pexels","authors":[{"name":"Photo by freestocks.org from Pexels","role":"Author"}],"source":"https:\/\/www.pexels.com\/photo\/pile-of-white-pink-and-brown-oblong-and-round-medication-tablet-143654\/","licenseExtras":"Used for illustrative purposes. All rights reserved under Pexels license https:\/\/www.pexels.com\/license\/"}},"alwaysDisplayComments":false,"backgroundOpacity":0,"displayAsButton":false,"buttonSize":"big","goToSlideType":"specified","invisible":false,"solution":""},{"x":3.2679738562091507,"y":75.18150537634408,"width":57.734204793028326,"height":21.50537634408602,"action":{"library":"H5P.AdvancedText 1.1","params":{"text":"
An antagonist<\/strong> is a drug that reduces or stops the normal effects of a neurotransmitter<\/em>. When an antagonist is ingested, it binds to the receptor sites in the dendrite, thereby blocking the neurotransmitter. <\/p>\n"},"metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"},"subContentId":"60e92964-56e1-4bee-a934-de71c311852b"},"alwaysDisplayComments":false,"backgroundOpacity":100,"displayAsButton":false,"buttonSize":"big","goToSlideType":"specified","invisible":false,"solution":""},{"x":1.0893246187363834,"y":0,"width":45.751633986928105,"height":68.81720430107526,"action":{"library":"H5P.AdvancedText 1.1","params":{"text":"
<\/p>\n\n
Drugs <\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n\nMimic <\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n\n
Neuro-<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n\n
transmitters<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n"},"subContentId":"242d2328-e23d-491f-9cb4-c5ae8f3623d2","metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"}},"alwaysDisplayComments":false,"backgroundOpacity":0,"displayAsButton":false,"buttonSize":"big","goToSlideType":"specified","invisible":false,"solution":""},{"x":53.37690631808278,"y":4.284279569892473,"width":42.48366013071895,"height":36.55913978494623,"action":{"library":"H5P.AdvancedText 1.1","params":{"text":"
An agonist<\/strong> is a drug that has chemical properties similar to a particular neurotransmitter and thus mimics the effects of the neurotransmitter<\/em>. When an agonist is ingested, it binds to the receptor sites in the dendrites to excite the neuron, acting as if more of the neurotransmitter had been present.<\/p>\n"},"subContentId":"c3050c22-c1b9-446e-8eef-fa4ab5b6e020","metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"}},"alwaysDisplayComments":false,"backgroundOpacity":100,"displayAsButton":false,"buttonSize":"big","goToSlideType":"specified","invisible":false,"solution":""}],"slideBackgroundSelector":{}},{"elements":[{"x":0,"y":0,"width":100,"height":99.99999999999999,"action":{"library":"H5P.Video 1.5","params":{"visuals":{"fit":true,"controls":true},"playback":{"autoplay":false,"loop":false},"l10n":{"name":"Video","loading":"Video player loading...","noPlayers":"Found no video players that supports the given video format.","noSources":"Video is missing sources.","aborted":"Media playback has been aborted.","networkFailure":"Network failure.","cannotDecode":"Unable to decode media.","formatNotSupported":"Video format not supported.","mediaEncrypted":"Media encrypted.","unknownError":"Unknown error.","invalidYtId":"Invalid YouTube ID.","unknownYtId":"Unable to find video with the given YouTube ID.","restrictedYt":"The owner of this video does not allow it to be embedded."},"sources":[{"path":"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=8qK0hxuXOC8","mime":"video\/YouTube","copyright":{"license":"U"}}]},"subContentId":"c2659a95-6d94-4442-b3ca-6a8a5e0cdefa","metadata":{"contentType":"Video","license":"U","title":"Drugs"}},"alwaysDisplayComments":false,"backgroundOpacity":0,"displayAsButton":false,"buttonSize":"big","goToSlideType":"specified","invisible":false,"solution":""}],"slideBackgroundSelector":{}},{"elements":[{"x":1.893939393939394,"y":7.5023220973782765,"width":94.69696969696969,"height":82.39700374531836,"action":{"library":"H5P.AdvancedText 1.1","params":{"text":"
Attributions:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n
Hastag Icon made by Roundicons<\/a> from www.flaticon.com<\/p>\n\n
Sections of this course presentation were proudly adapted from Psychology published by OpenStax CNX. Oct 31, 2016 under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 license. Download for free at http:\/\/cnx.org\/contents\/4abf04bf-93a0-45c3-9cbc-2cefd46e68cc@5.52<\/a>.<\/p>\n"},"subContentId":"058b54f8-1831-4752-be09-29f10cb964ca","metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"}},"alwaysDisplayComments":false,"backgroundOpacity":0,"displayAsButton":false,"buttonSize":"big","goToSlideType":"specified","invisible":false,"solution":""}],"slideBackgroundSelector":{}}],"keywordListEnabled":true,"globalBackgroundSelector":{"fillGlobalBackground":"#ffffff"},"keywordListAlwaysShow":false,"keywordListAutoHide":false,"keywordListOpacity":90},"override":{"activeSurface":false,"hideSummarySlide":false,"enablePrintButton":false,"social":{"showFacebookShare":false,"facebookShare":{"url":"@currentpageurl","quote":"I scored @score out of @maxScore on a task at @currentpageurl."},"showTwitterShare":false,"twitterShare":{"statement":"I scored @score out of @maxScore on a task at @currentpageurl.","url":"@currentpageurl","hashtags":"h5p, course"},"showGoogleShare":false,"googleShareUrl":"@currentpageurl"},"showSolutionButton":"on","retryButton":"on","summarySlideSolutionButton":true,"summarySlideRetryButton":true},"l10n":{"slide":"Slide","score":"Score","yourScore":"Your Score","maxScore":"Max Score","total":"Total","totalScore":"Total Score","showSolutions":"Show solutions","retry":"Retry","exportAnswers":"Export text","hideKeywords":"Hide keywords list","showKeywords":"Show keywords list","fullscreen":"Fullscreen","exitFullscreen":"Exit fullscreen","prevSlide":"Previous slide","nextSlide":"Next slide","currentSlide":"Current slide","lastSlide":"Last slide","solutionModeTitle":"Exit solution mode","solutionModeText":"Solution Mode","summaryMultipleTaskText":"Multiple tasks","scoreMessage":"You achieved:","shareFacebook":"Share on Facebook","shareTwitter":"Share on Twitter","shareGoogle":"Share on Google+","summary":"Summary","solutionsButtonTitle":"Show comments","printTitle":"Print","printIngress":"How would you like to print this presentation?","printAllSlides":"Print all slides","printCurrentSlide":"Print current slide","noTitle":"No title","accessibilitySlideNavigationExplanation":"Use left and right arrow to change slide in that direction whenever canvas is selected.","accessibilityCanvasLabel":"Presentation canvas. Use left and right arrow to move between slides.","containsNotCompleted":"@slideName contains not completed interaction","containsCompleted":"@slideName contains completed interaction","slideCount":"Slide @index of @total","containsOnlyCorrect":"@slideName only has correct answers","containsIncorrectAnswers":"@slideName has incorrect answers","shareResult":"Share Result","accessibilityTotalScore":"You got @score of @maxScore points in total","accessibilityEnteredFullscreen":"Entered fullscreen","accessibilityExitedFullscreen":"Exited fullscreen"}}

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